Nueva Prensa de Guayana – Alimentación integral, ¡todo ventajas!
España.- Saludable, recomendable y completo. Estos son los primeros calificativos que se asocian, en general, a los alimentos integrales. Ahora bien, ¿su consumo es apto para todas las personas?, ¿hay algún límite respecto a su ingesta? Para responder a estas cuestiones conviene aclarar qué es un producto que lleva el apellido de “integral”. Este término referido a la alimentación, en contraposición al de “refinado”, se reserva, casi en exclusividad para aludir a los cereales o para referirse a sus derivados. Tal es así que en los últimos veinte años se ha incrementado de forma significativa el número de investigaciones que estudian las ventajas del consumo de cereales integrales.
Beneficios como el aporte de fibra, vitaminas, minerales y fotoquímicos. No obstante, también se pueden detallar otro tipo de ventajas halladas en grupos de alimentos distintos de los cereales a partir de un consumo más “integral”. De este modo, las frutas, verduras, hortalizas, y también el pescado o el marisco, constituyen una buena opción para hacer de nuestra alimentación un acto más completo y equilibrado, más “integral” desde el punto de vista nutricional y, por lo tanto, más recomendable.
La ingesta dietética recomendada para la fibra se sitúa entorno a los 14g por cada 1.000 kcal. de gasto energético diario (según el documento de consenso de 2009 de la Asociación Americana de Dietética). Cifras que, en adultos, pueden interpretarse como unos 25 a 28g al día para mujeres y unos 38g para hombres.
No obstante, son muchos los estudios que han puesto de manifiesto las ventajas que suponen para la salud el consumo de cereales integrales que se pueden tomar a través del pan, arroz, pasta, los propios cereales de desayuno, etc., por lo que se aconseja incorporar de forma habitual dichos alimentos a nuestra dieta.
Según la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO), los fitoquímicos son compuestos que las plantas producen para protegerse contra los hongos, las bacterias o los virus. Sobre ellos no se conoce, a ciencia cierta, el mecanismo por el que su consumo favorece nuestro bienestar, y aunque no son imprescindibles para el funcionamiento corporal, mejoran la salud y previenen enfermedades. Entre los centenares de sustancias fitoquímicas, los compuestos de carácter fenólico son los más estudiados en la actualidad.
Hay expertos que aseguran que los cereales integrales aportan una amplia cantidad de sustancias fotoquímicas con numerosos beneficios que ahora se empiezan a reconocer. Como muestra de las diferencias que se pueden encontrar entre los alimentos de origen integral y su versión “refinada” basta fijarse en el contenido de fibra del pan, el doble en el integral (7g de fibra por/100g), que en el blanco (3,5g) y saber que en el proceso de refinado de una harina se reduce de 200 a 300 veces su contenido en fitoquímicos.
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Reducir el riesgo de padecer determinados tipos de cáncer. Según un metanálisis publicado en marzo de 2009 en el International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, que contó con más de 1.700.000 participantes con edades entre 25 y 76 años, las personas que incluyen la ingesta de cereales integrales en su alimentación de forma habitual tienen un riesgo menor de padecer cáncer colon rectal.
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Aumentar la sensación de saciedad. Su incorporación habitual en la dieta propicia que se coma menos y que se opten por alimentos menos calóricos. Un aspecto importante en el control del peso que ayuda tanto a prevenir como a tratar la obesidad. Además, las mayores ingestas de cereales con fibra, en especial las procedentes de cereales integrales, se asocian con un menor porcentaje de grasa, tanto total como la concentrada en la región abdominal.
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Disminuir el riesgo de enfermedades coronarias. El consumo de cereales integrales, en especial aquellos con fibra soluble (avena y cebada por ejemplo) disminuye los valores plasmáticos del LDL-colesterol (o colesterol “malo”), de la presión arterial, y mejora las respuestas de la insulina y de la glucosa. Elementos muy relacionados con las patologías cardiovasculares vinculadas al estilo de vida.
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Reducir el riesgo de sufrir diabetes. En los últimos cinco años numerosos estudios relacionan una ingesta adecuada de los cereales integrales con la mejora del pronóstico de padecer esta enfermedad. De ahí que las más recientes guías alimentarias animen a la población a consumir de forma adecuada los cereales integrales.
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Favorecer el pronóstico y la evolución de distintas patologías gastrointestinales como el reflujo gastroesofágico, la úlcera duodenal y la diverticulitis.
Ahora bien, hay algunas situaciones especiales en las que ha de limitarse el consumo de cereales integrales por su especial riqueza en fibra. Este sería el caso de los procesos agudos de diarrea, obstrucción intestinal, pre y postoperatorios en los que se hace necesario seguir dietas de carácter astringente o libres de residuo. Tras la mejora en estos cuadros, el incremento de la fibra en la dieta debe hacerse de manera gradual, ya que el aumento brusco puede provocar flatulencia, distensión y dolor abdominal, además de heces blandas e incluso diarrea. (AFP)
También para los más pequeños
La recomendación, por sus ventajas para la salud, de seguir una alimentación integral no es exclusiva para los adultos. Niños y adolescentes también pueden, y deben, beneficiarse de un estilo de alimentación caracterizado por la presencia de una amplia variedad de cereales integrales, frutas y verduras que garanticen su desarrollo óptimo. Las actuales recomendaciones en el consumo de fibra se realizan a partir del gasto energético diario aproximado, por lo que se pueden aplicar a todas las edades.
Si el objetivo es adecuarse hacia hábitos alimentarios más saludables, este cambio hacia lo integral ha de ser progresivo para que se mantenga en el tiempo, ya que el niño está acostumbrado a otros sabores y enseguida notará la diferencia, lo que puede ocasionar su rechazo.
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